城市公共空间的绿色针灸

随着商业模式和社交习惯的剧烈变化,城市公共空间作为城市空间的关键节点,正面临着公共性的衰退和公共生活的持续消亡。绿色针灸作为城市针灸的重要设计手段之一,利用植物元素塑造城市绿色公共空间,提升城市公共空间的公共性、激活城市公共空间的活力。绿色针灸意图通过适当的干涉来引发周边或后续一系列跟城市整体改善相关的效果。通过对不同类型绿色针灸案例的分析,总结出绿色针灸的相关策略,这些策略既符合城市针灸的普遍性原则,又遵循绿色植物持续生长的这一特殊因素;最后指出中国城市公共空间面临的问题和机遇,探索适宜中国城市公共空间改善的有效策略。     

上海区域常见园林树种树高尺度定量预估及林冠线营造探析

树高及树木垂直生长空间对于群落外貌(如林冠线的营造)以及复层结构的构建起到关键作用。本文以上海地区城镇绿化较为常见的23种园林树种为研究对象,对不同胸径梯度下(分别设置为10cm、16cm、22cm、28cm)的树高尺度进行调查与测定。基于所选取及调查树木样本的实测数据,对胸径—树高两者之间的关系进行回归拟合,将所涉及园林树木树高尺度划分为4种伸展类型,并讨论了树高尺度在种植设计中的应用。最后,尝试通过从冠顶角与冠重叠2个方面对林冠线进行定量化解析,以期为群落垂直结构的配置及林冠线的营造提供参考依据。     

Analysis of chemicals and energy consumption in water and wastewater treatment,as cost components: Case study of Oslo,Norway

Adopting a systems-approach to an urban water and wastewater system, while applying a triple bottom line strategy to management, entails a careful analysis of all the sub-systems and components thereof with a view to improving service levels, optimising expenditure, augmenting investments, and also reducing the life-cycle environmental impacts associated with setting up, maintaining and operating the system. The scope for optimising expenses is system-wide, though it varies from one sub-system to another, depending on inherent lock-ins and external factors beyond the direct control of the water and wastewater utility. Optimising the consumption of energy and chemicals and improving the cost-efficiency thereof, is always on the agenda of water treatment plants (WTPs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper analyses the consumption of and the expenditure on chemicals and energy at Oslo's WTPs and WWTPs over time. Energy and chemicals for water and wastewater treatment, on an average account for 10.8% of the total operational expenses in the water supply sub-system and 13.7% for the wastewater handling sub-system. There is a perceptible increase in this share from 5.2% in 2004 to 14.9% in 2009 for water and 12.3% to 14.2% for wastewater. Chemicals cost more than energy for the WWTPs, while it was the other way round for the WTPs. The total real cost of energy and chemicals per cubic metre, in year-2007 currency, was between 4 and 5.2 Euro cents for the WTPs, and between 1 and 4.5 Euro cents for the WTPs. The total (WTP + WWTP) per-capita real costs of energy and chemicals, expressed in year-2007 currency, rose from around 10 Euros in year 2000 to about 12.2 Euros in year 2007.     

Use of symmetry theory in studying the morphogenesis of life forms: the example of the cushion plants

It is well known that life forms reflect the impact of the environment. An interesting task in ecology is to study the connection between the morphological characteristics of life forms and physical and geographical processes, taking place in the environment. This study may profit from the application of symmetry theory which is a universal methodology in science. According to this theory both the object, that is, life form, and the environment are characterised by their own types of symmetry, which may differ from each other. If the environment acts sufficiently intensively on a plant, its form may show deformations – dissymmetry according to Curie. From the observed dissymmetry character of the vegetation it is possible to judge the symmetry of the environment, its specific impact on the vegetation, and the direction and intensity of natural matter and energy flows. All these are clearly apparent in the cushion plants growing on the abrupt slopes of south‐east Altay canyons.     

园林景观设计中彩叶植物的运用

进入21世纪以来,随着我国经济的快速发展,园林景观设计受到了广泛关注。由于人们的生活水平和审美要求逐渐提高,导致人们对园林景观中的植物造景要求也愈来愈高,单一的绿色植物已不能满足现代人的审美要求。     

多肉植物的园林应用研究

多肉植物因其色彩丰富、体态丰盈、纹理多样、管理粗放、生态适应性强等特点,受到了广大园艺爱好者的关注和喜爱。多肉植物是指植物营养器官的某一部分,具有发达的薄壁组织用以贮藏水分,在外形上显得肥厚多汁的一类植物。本文介绍了多肉植物的定义、分类和特点,讨论了多肉植物的园林应用现状,目前主要应用在盆栽观赏、屋顶绿化、垂直绿化及普通园林绿化。本文还结合工程实例及国外应用案例探讨了多肉植物在园林应用中存在的主要问题(推广力度不足、缺乏规模化生产)与发展趋势。     

京杭大运河(杭州主城区段)河岸带不同 生境自生植物物种组成与多样性特征

城市河流是人类文明的起源地和发展地,是城市与自然的连接点。以京杭大运河(杭州主城区段)为例,探索自生植物在改善城市渠化河流河岸带生态效益和景观功能中的应用潜力。于2021年4—6月对研究区域进行全面普查,将自生植物所处生境划分为3类,选取典型样地共81个,包含554个5m×1m小样方。结果表明:1)大运河河岸带共记录到自生植物72科173属195种,优势种以乔木幼株和草本植物为主;2)自生植物群落被划分为3个植被类型,11个群丛类型;PCo A排序图沿第一排序轴生境类型从半自然园林绿地至人工覆土护岸、硬质驳岸岸壁排列,植被类型从乔木林至灌丛、草丛排列;3)3类生境在自生植物多样性上呈逐级递减的趋势,人为干扰是影响多样性变化的主要原因之一。     

Application of pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the characterization of humic substances resulting from decay of aquatic plants in sediments and waters

Pyrolysis-GC-MS, elemental analysis and i.r. spectroscopy reveal major differences between humic substances from aquatic plants (algae and aquatic phanerogams) and lagoonal, marine and lacustrine deposits. Algae are enriched in proteins and their pyrolysis yields numerous nitrogenous by-products (alkylpyrroles, nitriles and alkylpyridines) along with aromatic compounds which are thought to reflect the decomposition of individual amino-acids (styrene, toluene, phenol and p-cresol). These compounds are less abundant in the pyrolysis products of humic substances from phanerogams with increasing amounts of methoxyphenols, characteristics of lignins.In the deposits of the Kerguelen Islands and of a “blue lake” in Greenland, the importance of algal populations is emphasized by pyrolysis products corresponding to nitrogenous and carbohydrate derivatives. Phenols and cresols in the pyrochromatograms of these samples are interpreted as evidence of polypeptides rather that lignin: p-cresol is much more abundant than the other cresols, suggesting the formation of phenols by way of tyrosine.Lagoonal sediments, in contrast, seem typical of intermixed development of algae and phanerogams.Differences between fulvic and humic acids are emphasized by the development of polyphenols and protein derivatives in humic acids compared to polysaccharide derivatives in fulvic acids. Other constituents revealed by PY-GC-MS include N-acetyl aminosugars, phthalates and aliphatic compounds.     

生态化场地设计研究

以“生态优先”为原则，从生态化场地设计，优化场地规划，构建合理的植物组团，注重资源循环利用，改善场地的声环境、热环境、风环境等方面介绍了一些基于生态理念的设计方法，以使场地内环境品质全面提升。     

基于改进型Smith预估器的同步施工网络控制系统

根据同步施工网络控制系统的控制原理,分析了时变、随机和不确定的网络时延对同步误差控制所产生的影响。针对传统Smith预估器用于多被控对象同步控制时存在的缺陷与不足进行了分析,提出了一种改进型Smith预估器,实现了对网络时延、被控对象纯滞后因子以及同步误差控制器的多重Smith预估补偿,将其从内部反馈回路中彻底消除,预估模型无需预估与在线测量其大小与变化规律。通过基于控制器局域网络(controller area network,简称CAN)的盾构管片拼装机同步网络控制系统,对常规比例积分微分(proportion integral derivative,简称PID)同步网络控制和基于改进型Smith预估器的PID同步网络控制性能进行了仿真对比分析,并通过实验进行了验证。结果表明,常规PID网络控制同步误差为-3～3mm,基于改进型Smith预估器的PID网络控制同步误差为-1.5～1.5mm,后者可显著提高同步施工网络控制系统的同步控制性能与精度。